REAL GONE

• S01E08 - Sensational Glue: The Loft & Pre-Disco Nightlife in Downtown New York (1970-75)

  In the period between 1970-1975 the LGBT population of New York City were at the forefront of claiming new territory in re-purposing the abandoned post-industrial lofts of SoHo and the other neglected parts of Downtown Manhattan. The network of Gay underground clubs established during this period, the characteristics that distinguished them from public dancehalls and discotheques of the previous decades, and the innate brilliance of their operators (people like Michael Fesco, David Mancuso, and Nicky Siano) set the foundation for Disco’s conquest of radio and the recording industry, and its cultural domination in the latter half of the decade.This episode tells some of the story of those nightclubs in the pre-Disco era (The Loft, The Gallery, The Sanctuary, The Flamingo, and the Tenth Floor among them) that would have a crucial influence on Disco’s success, places that music writer Andrew Kopkind refers to as the “sensational glue” for Gay congregation in New York City. The beating heart of this scene was 'musical host' David Mancuso. The Loft parties in his home at 647 Broadway then 99 Prince Street in the heart of SoHo, and his message that 'Love Saves The Day', synthesized so much of what was special about this period of New York in the early 1970s, and the best dance music experience of any time.Tracks:'I'll Be Holding On' - Al Dowling‘Drums of Passion’ - Babatunde Olatunji‘Empty Bed Blues’ - Bette Midler‘Sweet Sixteen’ - Diga Rhythm Band'Girl, You Need A Change of Mind' - Eddie Kendricks‘Soul Makossa’ - Manu Dibango'Law of the Land' - The Temptations'Just Look What You’ve Done' - Brenda Holloway‘Aint No Stoppin’ Us Now (12" Dub Version) - Risco ConnectionBooks:'Love Saves The Day: A History of American Dance Music’ by Tim Lawrence'Turn The Beat Around' by Peter Shapiro'Hot Stuff: Disco and The Remaking of American Culture' by Alice Echols'Last Night A DJ Saved My Life' by Bill Brewster & Frank Broughton'Discotheque Archives' by Greg WilsonEMCK

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• S01E07 - The STONEWALL Uprising 1969 & The Christopher Street Liberation Day March 1970

  In Season 1 Episode 6, we discussed how the police and state liquor authorities worked to repress Gay nightlife in America throughout the 20th Century, and how the political activism that developed in response to this repression achieved significant legal reforms that enabled Gay people to congregate socially. Despite a steady expansion of the Gay Rights movement during this period, the situation was far from ideal by the end of the 1960s. Gay bars and nightclubs were still subject to regular police raids and the relative invisibility of LGBT people in public life meant there was lack of protection from both the state authorities and the criminal underworld.Vulnerability to harassment and liquor licence revocation allowed the New York City Mafia, ever the entrepreneurs, and corrupt police authorities to stake their claim to exploiting Gay bars in the City for profit. The Mafia created members-only ‘bottle clubs’, thereby avoiding the legal requirement to obtain a liquor licence, with the deliberate strategy of attracting Gay patrons who could meet and socialize in a private and, supposedly, safe environment. Protection payments remained necessary to keep local police away or at least to allow for advance notification of planned phony inspections.The Stonewall Inn on Christopher Street in the West Village was one of the few Gay venues in New York where dancing was permitted by the owners, and actively encouraged. The oddness of a Gay nightclub where dancing was the central activity underlines how nascent the notion of Gay nightclubs and discotheques was at this point in time, and the extent to which social dancing had been effectively reserved as a solely heterosexual entitlement in America. During an unexpected raid on 28 June 1969 simmering tensions at The Stonewall escalated, prompting full scale riots that stretched across several nights. Eventually celebrated as ‘The Stonewall Uprising’, the riots served as an indicator of the growing dissatisfaction of Gay people with being marginalised and denied equality in their own society. This collective willingness not just to be tolerated but to express and celebrate Gay culture would drive the emergent Disco movement and permanently revolutionize dance music, culture, and wider American Society.Organisations formed in the wake of Stonewall, the Gay Liberation Front (GLF) and the Gay Activist Alliance (GAA), were committed to transforming, rather than being subsumed within, conventional society. These organisations started their own dance nights at grassroots Gay community centres like Alternative University in Greenwich Village and the Firehouse at Wooster Street in SoHo, serving as the gateway for many entering into the new nightlife facilitated by legendary disco venues such as The Sanctuary, The Loft, The Gallery, and later the Paradise Garage.

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• S01E06 - VICE PATROL: The Policing of Queer Nightlife & Gay Activism in 20th Century America

  From the 1930s through to the 1960s the regulation of Queer nightlife in America was permanently on the agenda of the police authorities. Persecution by local police ran parallel to the activities of the State liquor authorities, newly empowered in the years following the Repeal of Prohibition to shut down licensed bars and clubs where there was any indication of Gay activity therein. The draconian manner in which the liquor boards targeted Gay clientele prompted a form of activism fed into the nascent Gay Rights movement. We are spending the next few episodes examining the history of how this activism, specifically around New York and San Francisco, led to legal reforms that would be fundamental to the development of Gay social life and, more specifically, nightclub culture in the Pre-Disco era of the early 1970s. This period, which followed the Stonewall Riots of 1969, saw an acceleration in Gay social culture that dovetailed with technological developments in music production and presentation. The network of underground clubs in Downtown New York operated by Gay promoters (like David Mancuso, Nicky Siano, and Michael Brody) and supported significantly by the LGBT population of the City (including The Sanctuary, The Loft, The Gallery and later the Paradise Garage) would serve as the incubators for Disco and modern electronic dance music. Often not exclusive to an LGBT crowd, these venues were nonetheless sustained by a sense of underground identity and solidarity that had developed in the face of severe aggression and discrimination on the part of Governmental authorities against Queer people throughout the 20th Century in America.

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• S02E02 'Birth of The Cool' (The Post-Bebop Years)

  The role of jazz music in Cold War propaganda and the respect which foreign audiences attributed to it greatly influenced its place in American culture. However, its wider cultural acceptance by the early 1950s was aided by significant developments in musical styles and performance environments. The ability of musicians, critics, and promoters to equate jazz with a genuine artistic sensibility derived partly from changes that brought one wing of the music (classified as Cool Jazz, Third Stream, and West Coast Jazz) “closer to the appearance of a fashionable and utterly respectable modernist classical music”. Musicians like Dave Brubeck and Miles Davis enjoyed immense success and became household names. This transition brought into sharp relief the extent to which race relations within the United States were transforming at this point in time with greater emphasis on social de-segregation and integration. These developments would both influence and be influenced by the radical changes in how Jazz music was composed, recorded, and performed live. The broader racial composition of musicians and audiences would manifest itself in the form of more diverse, sometimes oppositional, musical styles; the Afro-American influence of the blues and spirituals clashing against and melding with the modernist aesthetics of European classical music.Tracks:Dave Brubeck Quartet - 'Le Souk' (Dave Goes To College)Dave Brubeck Quartet - 'Take Five' (Time Out)Duke Ellington - 'Diminuendo In Blue' (Live at Newport)Modern Jazz Quartet - 'Between the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea' (The Modern Jazz Quartet)Lennie Tristano - 'Wow'Dizzy Gillespie - 'Swing Low, Sweet Cadillac (The Ebullient Mr. Gillespie)Shorty Rogers - 'Short Stop' (Cool and Crazy)Miles Davis - 'Moon Dreams' & 'Budo' (Birth of the Cool)Miles Davis Sextet - 'Walkin' (Walkin')EMCK

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• S02E01 'Cool War - The Jazz Ambassadors'

  During the Cold War, America recruited some of its most talented Jazz musicians in a cultural propaganda war against the Soviet Union. Dizzy Gillespie, Louis Armstrong, Dave Brubeck, and Duke Ellington were all enlisted to perform in the Middle East, South America and post-colonial Africa, parts of the World where America’s interests were dictated by its geo-political strategy. Musicians that experienced racial and economic hardship at home were suddenly being celebrated by the American Government for their musical innovation, and representation of cultural freedom. Their place on the world stage and the celebration of Jazz music abroad altered the perception of the music at home. Jazz music would develop a political importance and establish itself during the 1950s as the distinctive American artform. This official State branding was problematic in many ways, and as we move through the season, we will discuss how some of the greatest American musicians and political activists of the 20th Century; Max Roach, Ornette Coleman, Cecil Taylor, and John Coltrane among them, would revolutionize musical culture and the position of Jazz musicians in relation to American society. In doing so they would effectively deconstruct the Americanization of the music, re-infusing Jazz with an African heritage that was by the mid-50s in danger of being stripped away. The development of Jazz music is representative of the shifting social and economic patterns of the United States during this period. These artists managed to tie their music to the everyday social struggles of their people and the political challenges of the time, while at the same time creating music that was deeply spiritual and transcendental.Tracks:'Cherokee' - Duke Ellington‘Koko’ - Charlie Parker'Saturday Night Fish Fry' - Louis Jordan 'Kush (Live)' - Dizzy Gillespie'In A Persian Market' - Wilbur De Paris'The Real Ambassador' - Dave & Iola Brubeck, Louis Armstrong'The Eternal Triangle' - Dizzy Gillespie, Sonny Stitt & Sonny Rollins Books:This Is Our Music: Free Jazz, the Sixties, and American Culture (The Arts and Intellectual Life in Modern America) Paperback - Iain AndersonSoundtrack to a Movement: African American Islam, Jazz, and Black Internationalism - Richard Brent TurnerFreedom Sounds, Civil Rights Call Out to Jazz In Africa - Ingrid Monson

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